Why Was Italy and to a More Detailed Extent Venice and Florence Primed for Funding the Arts?

The Italian Renaissance

The art of the Italian Renaissance was influential throughout Europe for centuries.

Learning Objectives

Describe the fine art and periodization of the Italian Renaissance

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Florence school of painting became the dominant fashion during the Renaissance . Renaissance artworks depicted more secular subject affair than previous artistic movements.
• Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Rafael are among the all-time known painters of the High Renaissance .
• The High Renaissance was followed past the Mannerist motion, known for elongated figures.

Key Terms

• fresco: A type of wall painting in which colour pigments are mixed with water and applied to wet plaster. Every bit the plaster and pigments dry out, they fuse together and the painting becomes a part of the wall itself.
• Mannerism: A style of art developed at the end of the High Renaissance, characterized by the deliberate baloney and exaggeration of perspective, particularly the elongation of figures.

The Renaissance began during the 14th century and remained the dominate mode in Italian republic, and in much of Europe, until the 16th century. The term "renaissance" was adult during the 19th century in order to describe this period of time and its accompanying artistic style. However, people who were living during the Renaissance did see themselves as different from their Medieval predecessors. Through a variety of texts that survive, nosotros know that people living during the Renaissance saw themselves as different largely because they were deliberately trying to imitate the Ancients in art and architecture.

Florence and the Renaissance

When you hear the term "Renaissance" and picture a style of fine art, yous are probably picturing the Renaissance fashion that was adult in Florence, which became the dominate style of art during the Renaissance. During the Heart Ages and the Renaissance, Italy was divided into a number of different city states. Each city state had its ain government, culture , economy, and creative way. In that location were many different styles of art and architecture that were developed in Italy during the Renaissance. Siena, which was a political ally of French republic, for instance, retained a Gothic element to its art for much of the Renaissance.

Certain conditions aided the development of the Renaissance style in Florence during this time period. In the 15th century, Florence became a major mercantile middle. The production of cloth collection their economy and a merchant class emerged. Humanism , which had developed during the 14th century, remained an important intellectual move that impacted art production as well.

Early Renaissance

During the Early on Renaissance, artists began to decline the Byzantine mode of religious painting and strove to create realism in their delineation of the homo form and space . This aim toward realism began with Cimabue and Giotto, and reached its top in the art of the "Perfect" artists, such equally Andrea Mantegna and Paolo Uccello, who created works that employed i bespeak perspective and played with perspective for their educated, fine art knowledgeable viewer .

During the Early Renaissance we as well see important developments in subject affair, in addition to way. While faith was an of import element in the daily life of people living during the Renaissance, and remained a driving gene backside creative production, we also see a new avenue open to panting—mythological subject affair. Many scholars point to Botticelli's Birth of Venus as the very first panel painting of a mythological scene. While the tradition itself probable arose from cassone painting, which typically featured scenes from mythology and romantic texts, the evolution of mythological console painting would open a globe for creative patronage , production, and themes.

Nascency of Venus: Botticelli's Nascency of Venus was among the virtually of import works of the early Renaissance.

High Renaissance

The menses known every bit the High Renaissance represents the culmination of the goals of the Early on Renaissance, namely the realistic representation of figures in infinite rendered with credible motility and in an appropriately decorous way. The virtually well known artists from this phase are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, and Michelangelo. Their paintings and frescoes are among the most widely known works of art in the world. Da Vinci'southward Last Supper, Raphael'southward The School of Athens and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling paintings are the masterpieces of this menses and embody the elements of the High Renaissance.

Marriage of the Virgin, by Raphael: The painting depicts a spousal relationship ceremony between Mary and Joseph.

Mannerism

High Renaissance painting evolved into Mannerism in Florence. Mannerist artists, who consciously rebelled against the principles of Loftier Renaissance, tended to represent elongated figures in illogical spaces. Mod scholarship has recognized the capacity of Mannerist art to convey strong, oftentimes religious, emotion where the High Renaissance failed to do so. Some of the primary artists of this period are Pontormo, Bronzino, Rosso Fiorentino, Parmigianino and Raphael'due south pupil, Giulio Romano.

Humanism

Humanism was an intellectual move embraced by scholars, writers, and civic leaders in 14th century Italian republic.

Learning Objectives

Assess how Humanism gave rise to the fine art of the Renasissance

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• Humanists reacted against the utilitarian approach to teaching, seeking to create a citizenry who were able to speak and write with eloquence and thus able to appoint the civic life of their communities.
• The movement was largely founded on the ideals of Italian scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca, which were often centered effectually humanity's potential for achievement.
• While Humanism initially began as a predominantly literary movement, its influence apace pervaded the general culture of the time, reintroducing classical Greek and Roman art forms and leading to the Renaissance .
• Donatello became renowned equally the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, known particularly for his Humanist, and unusually erotic, statue of David.
• While medieval society viewed artists every bit servants and craftspeople, Renaissance artists were trained intellectuals, and their art reflected this newfound point of view.
• In humanist painting, the treatment of the elements of perspective and delineation of low-cal became of particular business organization.

Primal Terms

• High Renaissance: The period in art history denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. The Loftier Renaissance menstruation is traditionally idea to have begun in the 1490s—with Leonardo's fresco of The Last Supper in Milan and the death of Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence—and to take ended in 1527, with the Sack of Rome by the troops of Charles V.

Overview

Humanism, as well known every bit Renaissance Humanism, was an intellectual move embraced past scholars, writers, and civic leaders in 14th- and early-15th-century Italy. The motion developed in response to the medieval scholastic conventions in education at the time, which emphasized practical, pre-professional, and scientific studies engaged in solely for chore preparation, and typically by men solitary. Humanists reacted against this commonsensical approach, seeking to create a denizens who were able to speak and write with eloquence and thus able to engage the borough life of their communities. This was to be accomplished through the study of the "studia humanitatis," known today as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy. Humanism introduced a programme to revive the cultural—and particularly the literary—legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity . The motility was largely founded on the ideals of Italian scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca, which were oft centered around humanity's potential for achievement.

While Humanism initially began as a predominantly literary movement, its influence chop-chop pervaded the general culture of the fourth dimension, re-introducing classical Greek and Roman fine art forms and contributing to the development of the Renaissance. Humanists considered the ancient world to be the pinnacle of homo achievement, and thought its accomplishments should serve as the model for gimmicky Europe. There were important centers of Humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome , Venice , Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino .

Humanism was an optimistic philosophy that saw man every bit a rational and sentient being, with the ability to decide and think for himself. It saw homo equally inherently good by nature, which was in tension with the Christian view of man as the original sinner needing redemption. It provoked fresh insight into the nature of reality, questioning beyond God and spirituality, and provided knowledge about history beyond Christian history.

Humanist Art

Renaissance Humanists saw no conflict between their study of the Ancients and Christianity. The lack of perceived conflict allowed Early Renaissance artists to combine classical forms, classical themes, and Christian theology freely. Early on Renaissance sculpture is a great vehicle to explore the emerging Renaissance style . The leading artists of this medium were Donatello, Filippo Brunelleschi, and Lorenzo Ghiberti. Donatello became renowned as the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, known specially for his classical, and unusually erotic, statue of David, which became one of the icons of the Florentine republic.

Donatello's David : Donatello'southward David is regarded as an iconic Humanist work of art.

Humanism afflicted the artistic community and how artists were perceived. While medieval society viewed artists as servants and craftspeople, Renaissance artists were trained intellectuals, and their art reflected this newfound indicate of view. Patronage of the arts became an important activity, and commissions included secular subject affair as well as religious. Important patrons , such as Cosimo de' Medici, emerged and contributed largely to the expanding artistic product of the time.

In painting, the treatment of the elements of perspective and lite became of particular business organization. Paolo Uccello, for instance, who is best known for "The Boxing of San Romano," was obsessed by his interest in perspective, and would stay up all night in his written report trying to grasp the verbal vanishing point . He used perspective in lodge to create a feeling of depth in his paintings. In improver, the apply of oil pigment had its beginnings in the early on office of the 16th century, and its use continued to be explored extensively throughout the High Renaissance .

"The Battle of San Romano" by Paolo Uccello: Italian Humanist paintings were largely concerned with the depiction of perspective and lite.

Origins

Some of the starting time Humanists were keen collectors of antiquarian manuscripts, including Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, and Poggio Bracciolini. Of the three, Petrarch was dubbed the "Male parent of Humanism" because of his devotion to Greek and Roman scrolls. Many worked for the organized church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities (such as Petrarch's disciple Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence) and thus had access to book-copying workshops.

In Italy, the Humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-15th century, many of the upper classes had received Humanist educations, perchance in improver to traditional scholastic ones. Some of the highest officials of the church were Humanists with the resources to amass important libraries. Such was Cardinal Basilios Bessarion, a convert to the Latin church from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy and was one of the nigh learned scholars of his time.

Post-obit the Crusader sacking of Constantinople and the terminate of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the migration of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés, who had greater familiarity with ancient languages and works, furthered the revival of Greek and Roman literature and scientific discipline.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-italian-renaissance/

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